Jacob Dut Chol Riak, Ph.D, Dak Gai Badeng

ABSTRACT

This study examines how colonial-era Nile treaties continue to shape South Sudan’s water security and its position within contemporary hydro-political dynamics of the Nile Basin. Despite being strategically located along the White Nile and possessing extensive wetlands, South Sudan’s ability to utilize the Nile is constrained by the 1929 and 1959 agreements, which granted Egypt and Sudan disproportionate control over the river. Formulated without the participation of upstream states, these agreements still influence regional water politics, limiting South Sudan’s capacity to address its development needs in agriculture, energy, and environmental management. Using a descriptive research design, the study employed questionnaires and interviews with 50 respondents, complemented by secondary literature. The findings show that while regional institutions such as the Nile Basin Initiative (NBI) contribute to dialogue and cooperation, they lack binding authority and remain affected by power imbalances among member states. Respondents also indicated that South Sudan has not fully benefited from these platforms due to limited institutional and technical capacity. The study further reveals that water insecurity significantly affects South Sudan’s economic development. It limits agricultural productivity, contributes to environmental degradation in the Sudd wetlands, and constrains industrial growth and hydropower potential. Climate variability, poor infrastructure, and weak water governance intensify these challenges, leading to food insecurity, health risks, and local conflicts over water resources. Geopolitically, South Sudan’s water security is influenced by tensions among Egypt, Ethiopia, and Sudan, especially regarding the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD). As a new state with limited negotiating power, South Sudan must carefully balance its relationships to safeguard national interests. The study concludes that improving water security requires a strong national water policy, enhanced institutional capacity, active participation in regional frameworks, and investment in sustainable water management. Strengthening diplomacy, promoting transparency, and expanding partnerships are essential for ensuring equitable utilization of the Nile and fostering long-term stability.

KEYWORDS: South Sudan, Water Security, Legacies, Colonial Treaties, River, Nile, Conflict

Download the PDF file South Sudan Water Security and the Legacies of Colonial Treaties: A Critical Investigation of River Nile Conflict